I obtained a BA Honours Degree from Leeds Metropolitan University in 1998, and the title of my dissertation was “Management of a Common Resource Area: Methods for Dealing with Pollution in the North Sea”. I commenced part-time study towards a PhD in January 1999 and my supervisor was Dr Sally Macgill. I completed my PhD in May 2005 and now work as a Research Fellow in the Sustainability Research Institute.
Current Research:
I am currently working on papers relating to a research project led by Professor Andy Gouldson of the Sustainability Research Institute. This project examined emissions to air from petroleum refineries in the US, EU, Australia, Canada and Japan - looking specifically at emissions of Benzene. Using publicly available data on refinery emissions from a range of Toxic Release Inventories, combined with data on refining capacity of those refineries, we are able to calculate a normalised ecoefficiency measure for each refinery. We are then able to compare refineries in different US states, between different oil refining companies (within the US and globally) and also look at refineries within each company, to see if refinery performance can be related to the regulatory regime/emissions standards of the state of region/country in which a refinery is situated.
In addition to examining ecoefficiency of refineries and plotting trends (US from 1990 to 2007; other countries for fewer years) we are also examining whether there is any link between refinery emissions and social deprivation in the US – issues surrounding environmental justice, and also company and national environmental policy. We are able to compare emissions against unemployment, per capita income and a number of other factors at local and state level in each year, and look at trends over a 16 year period. For the year 2000 we are also able to make comparisons at 1, 3 and 5 mile distances from the individual refineries.
I am also working on a new project within the School of Earth and Environment, which is examining the teaching of careers skills to students undertaking Environment, Earth Sciences and Geography Degrees, to identify areas of best practice and improve the module content in those disciplines.
PhD Research and Uptake:
Link to thesis: http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecac/COMPLETE%20THESIS.pdf
Publications:
NOTE: All papers have appeared in peer reviewed journals or proceedings.
Papers
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2001a). "Charging for Port Reception Facilities in North Sea Ports: Putting Theory into Practice". Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 42(4) of 2001, pp 257-266.
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2003). "The EU Directive on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues: current availability of facilities in North Sea ports". Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 46(1) of 2003, pp 21-32.
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2005). “The EU Directive on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues: the results of a second survey on the provision and uptake of facilities in North Sea ports. Paper published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 50(12) of 2005, pp 1541-1547. DOI information: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.06.021.
Carpenter A (2006). “The Bonn Agreement Aerial Surveillance Programme: Trends in North Sea Oil Pollution 1986 to 2004”. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2007), Volume 54, pp 149-163. DOI Information: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.07.013
Carpenter A (2006). “The EU Directive on Port Reception Facilities: A Case Study in the Development of an EU Environmental Directive”. European Environmental Law Review, Volume 15(12) of 2006, pp 369-380. ISSN: 0966-1646. ID: EELR2006037
Lodge, J E and Carpenter, A (May 2011). “Multilateralism and soft diplomacy in EU-China Relations”. Documentio de Trabajo Serie Uniόn Europea Nύmero 45/2011. Pub: CEU Ediciones, Madrid. PDF available at: http://www.idee.ceu.es/index.php?item=1417&lang=esp
Carpenter, A (Spring 2011). “International Protection of the Marine Environment”. Book chapter in: “The Marine Environment”, pp 51-86. Editor: Adam D Nemeth. Pub: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., USA. PDF available at:
http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecac/Carpenter from The Marine Environment-FP.pdf
Book Review:
David Buchanan (2009) Energy and Climate Change: Europe at the Crossroads. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Review by Angela Carpenter in Journal of Contemporary European Research, Issue 2010 6(3). JCER website available at: http://www.jcer.net/ojs/index.php/jcer/index
Magazine Article
Carpenter A (2006). “Receiving Adequately”. Feature article in Ports and Harbors, Official Journal of the International Association of Ports and Harbors. Volume 51 No. 4, July 2006 Conference Proceedings
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2000). "The new EU Directive on Port Reception Facilities for Ship-Generated Waste and Cargo Residues: an evaluation". Paper published in Maritime Engineering and Ports II, (Eds.) C A Brebbia and J Olivella. Series: Water Studies, Vol. 9, 2000, WIT Press, Wessex Institute of Technology, UK, pp 173-183.
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2001b). "The Development of EU Legislation on the Control of Ship-Generated Waste and Cargo Residues." In: "The Marine Environment: Science and Law", eds J P Ducrotoy, S M Shastri and M Barry. Institute for Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull Scarborough Campus, 2001, pp 87-106
Carpenter A, Ducrotoy J P, Holroyd J and Shastri S M (2001c). "The role of education in building bridges between science and law" In: "The Marine Environment: Science and Law", eds J P Ducrotoy, S M Shastri and M Barry. Institute for Estuarine and Coastal Studies, University of Hull Scarborough Campus, 2001, pp 217-227
Presentations:
Carpenter A (2000a). "The development of EU legislation on the control of ship-generated waste and cargo residues". Paper presented at the 6th Annual Centre for European Research into Coastal Issues (CERCI) Conference, University College Scarborough, July 2000.
Carpenter A (2000b). "The new EU Directive on Port Reception Facilities for Ship-Generated Waste and Cargo Residues: An Evaluation", Presentation at "Ports 2000" Conference, Barcelona, Spain, September 2000.
Carpenter A (2002). "The EU Directive on port reception facilities for ship-generated waste and cargo residues: current availability of facilities in the North Sea". Invited speaker at the Maritime Environment Conference "Ship/Port Interface - Environment and Safety", Rotterdam, The Netherlands, October 2002.
Carpenter, A (January 2009). “Benchmarking Petroleum Refinery Environmental Performance: A Comparative Study of Performance in the US and EU”. Presentation on research at a Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence Seminar on “Europe, the Environment and Climate Change”. Presentation entitled:
Prizes:
Won the McCain Prize for the best postgraduate presentation at the 6th CERCI Annual Conference, Scarborough, July 2002.
Uptake of Work – some examples:
The majority of my publications appear in the Marine Pollution Bulletin, the International Journal for Marine Environmental Scientists, Engineers, Administrators, Politicians and Lawyers. This is one of the top journals in the field of marine environmental studies whose scope covers the use of maritime resources in estuaries, seas and oceans and publishes articles in areas including the management, economic aspects and protection of the marine environment in general. All papers are in peer reviewed journals.
Many of my publications have been cited in other research articles appearing in the Marine Pollution Bulletin and in a number of other journals including Coastal Management, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Waste Management, and the International Journal of Remote Sensing.
Two of my papers were cited in Chapter 2 of the report “Maritime traffic effects on biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: Volume 1 – Review of impacts, priority areas and mitigation measures” (2008). Report published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2001a) has also been cited by the National Research Council of the US National Academy of Sciences in “Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century”, a report of the Committee on the effectiveness of International and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts, pub: National Academies Press, US, 2009. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-12607-7
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2003) cited by the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee report: MEPC 55th Session, Agenda Item 11, MEPC 55/Inf.5 of 10th August 2006. “GESAMP Reports and Studies No 75: Estimates of Oil Entering the Marine Environment from Sea-based Activities”. Available online at:
http://www.amtcc.com/imosite/meetings/IMOMeeting2006/MEPC%2055/MEPC%2055-INF-5.pdf
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2000), (2001a) and (2002) were used by the California Cruise Ship Environmental Task Force in the development and writing phase of the Task Force’s “Report to the Legislature – Regulation of Large Passenger Vessels in California”. Pub. Cruise Ship Environmental Task Force, California, USA, August 2003. Available online at: http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/legislative/2003.html
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2001b) and (2003), Carpenter A (2002) and a draft of Chapter 7 of PhD Thesis were cited by the Marine Conservation Society in “Beachwatch 2003 – The Annual UK Beach Litter Survey Report”. Additional information was also provided to the MCS for Section 4 of that report. The report was published by the Marine Conservation Society, UK, in May 2004 and is available online at:
http://www.adoptabeach.org.uk/OtherPages/bw03reportweb.pdf
Carpenter A and Macgill S M (2000), (2001a) and (2003) cited by Dr G Rutschke-Hamburger of the German Federal Ministry for Transport, Building and Housing. The paper (German only) looks at the transposition of Directive 2000/59/EC into the law of the various German regions, and also examines the charging systems for port reception facilities being operated under the Baltic regime (Helsinki Convention) and the Directive. Publication details: “81. Richtlinie 2000/59/EG des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates über Hafenauffangeinrichtungen für Schiffsabfälle und Ladungsrückstände Vom 27. November 2000 ABl. L 332/81” “EG – Verkehrsrecht Kommentar” Volume 81, pp 81-91, eds. Frohnmeyer A and Mückenhausen P. Published by C H Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, München 2004.
Other Activities:
2 June 2009 – Contributed to the BBC World Service Programme “One Planet”. Provided a short piece on the question of “how polluted are our oceans and what can we do about it for a Special Edition of the programme celebrating World Oceans Day. Audio file available online from the BBC at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0036x3m
19 March 2009 – Panelist at “The Green Crunch” – a debate on the ‘new economics’ of environmental sustainability led by Sir John Harman. Event organized by SERA West Yorkshire in association with the University of Huddersfield and SocialCapitalHudds, held at that University.
9 June 2007 – Panelist at a discussion on “Working together for a cleaner and healthier Europe”. Event organized by the Yorkshire and Humber Branch of the European Movement and held in the Council Chamber, Leeds Civic Hall.
Editor (since 2008) of Earth and E-nvironment (online journal) produced by School of Earth and Environment at the University of Leeds. ISSN 1744-2893
Available online at: http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~lecac/ejournal/index.htm
Case study (August 2009). “Using multiple methods in the teaching of Quantitative Statistics to a mixed ability group of M-level students”. Example of best practice in teaching at University of Leeds, Pub: Staff and Departmental Development Unit’s “Casebook” website. Available online at:
http://www.sddu.leeds.ac.uk/casestudies/casestudy.php?ID=56&topics=9,11,13,14,17,44,45&search=yes